MMIC PBL 2 (VIRUSES)

Problem Statement
There are outbreaks of viral, fungal and protozoa diseases among platoons of army soldiers in Indonesia. Soldiers reported sick after 2 weeks of jungle warfare training. It is of concern to the ministry that there are also sporadic reports of avian flu in the nearby villages. In view of these outbreaks, you have been tasked to conduct a pre-mission briefing with blogs and poster to educate future batches of soldiers.

Your group needs to keep a blog containing information about a variety of pathogens that cause problems during jungle training so that the soldiers are made aware of the dangers and could take the necessary precautions.

Possible Viral Pathogens:

Images of Viruses:

Hepatitis Virus

Adenovirus

Enterovirus

Dengue virus

References:
1. Levinson, W. (2006). Review Of Medical Microbiology and Immunology. (9th ed.). US: The McGraw-Hill Company
2. http://www.google.com/ > image search > "microorganism name"


By Doreen Ng
TG01

Images of Viruses:

Influenza Virus

Measles Virus

Mumps Virus

RSV

Parainfluenza Virus

Nipah Virus

Hendra Virus

Rubella (German Measles) Virus

References:
1. Levinson, W. (2006). Review Of Medical Microbiology and Immunology. (9th ed.). US: The McGraw-Hill Company
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page > "microorganism name"
3. http://www.google.com/ > image search > "microorganism name"


By Dorothy Png
TG01

MMIC PBL 2 (PROTOZOA)

Possible Protozoal Pathogens:

Images of Protozoa:

Entamoeba histolytica

Acanthamoeba spp.

Giardia lamblia

References:
1) Levinson, W. (2006). Review Of Medical Microbiology and Immunology. (9th ed.). US: The McGraw-Hill Company
2) http://www.tulane.edu/~wiser/protozoology/notes/free.html
3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.4267
4) http://www.google.com/ > image search > "microorganism name"

By Chong Wing Fat
TG01

Images of Protozoa:

Leishmania tropica

Toxoplasma gondii

Pneumocystis

Blastocystis hominis

Taenia solium (worms)

References:
1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page > Cutaneous_leishmaniasis
2) http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Blastocystis.htm
3) Levinson, W. (2006). Review Of Medical Microbiology and Immunology. (9th ed.). US: The McGraw-Hill Company
4) http://www.google.com/ > image search > "microorganism name"

By Khoo Boon Ching
TG01

MMIC PBL 2 (FUNGI)

Possible Fungal Pathogens:

Images of Fungi:

Histoplasma capsulatum

Sporothrix schenckii

Trichophyton rubrum

Cryptococcus neoformans

Aspergillus fumigatus

References:
1) Levinson, W. (2006). Review Of Medical Microbiology and Immunology. (9th ed.). US: The McGraw-Hill Company
2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page > Histoplasmosis
3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page > Sporotrichosis
4) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page > Athletes_foot
5) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page > Ringworm
6) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page > Jock_itch
7) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page > Cryptococcosis
8) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page > Aspergillosis
9) http://www.google.com/ > image search > "microorganism name"


By Soong Ci Liang
TG01

Type of Fungi	Pathogenesis & pathology	Symptoms	Laboratory Diagnosis	Preventive measures
Ascomycota	Mammalian lung parasite causing Pneumocystis pneumonia. Ability to consume collogen, an abundant structural protein in animals as food sources. The disease attacks indiviuals with decreased CD4 at the interstitial, fibrous tissue of the lungs, with marked thickening of the alveolar septa and alveoli leading to significant hypoxia, which can be fatal if not treated aggressively.	- Non-productive cough - shortness of breath - weight loss and night sweats	- characteristic appearance of the chest x-ray shows widespread pulmonary infiltrates - causative organism in induced sputum or bronchial wash - low arterial oxygen level	Maintains high levels of CD4 by avoiding immuno-supressents.
Phythium	Occurrence in wet environments and summer months- Infection can also be acquired after contact with soil and grass containing Phythium insidiosum. Organism is acquired through traumatic implantation and remains localized or spreads to infect other tissues, especially arteries. Pythiosis is the disease which results from an infection of the fungal like organism Pythium insidiosum.rmation of subcutaneous lesions and the invasion of the main arteries. If not treated the infection is fatal.	Inflammation of affected extremity.	- Culture, serology, and histopathology - Hyphae of this oomycete are present in the infected tissues - Serological test such as ID and ELISA have proved to be of value for its early diagnosis.	- Amputation in the affected extremity. - Vaccines are being researched on currently.
Fusarium	Widely distributed in soil and in association with plants.- Some species produce mycotoxins in cereal crops that can affect human and animal health if they enter the food chain. Opportunistic infections in humans may occur at nails and in the cornea. In immunosupressed individual, aggressive fusarial infections penetrating the whole body and bloodstream may occur.	- Abdominal pain - Diarrhea - Vomiting - Prostration - Fever - Chills - Myalgias - Bone marrow depression with granulo-cytopenia - Pharyngeal - gastro-intestinal ulceration -vaginal bleeding -bloody diarrhea - hematuria	- FBC with low WBC suggest infection - Bacterial corneal ulcer - Tissue from corneal scraping is cytologically diagnostic.	Natamycin drug therapy

References:
1) Levinson, W. (2006). Review Of Medical Microbiology and Immunology. (9th ed.). US: The McGraw-Hill Company

By Douglas Yew
TG01

MMIC PBL 2 (VIRUSES)

Types of Viruses	Possibility? (Y/N)	Reasons
Herpesvirus - Herpes Simplex virus	No	- No animal reservoirs or vectors are involved with the human viruses - Transmission is by contact with infected secretions
Poxviruses - Orthopoxvirus - Parapoxvirus - Molluscipoxvirus - Yatapoxvirus	No	- Control & eradication of smallpox - Human infections are rare
Hepatitis viruses - Hepatitis A (HAV) - Hepatitis B (HBV) - Hepatitis C (HCV) - Hepatitis D (HDV) - Hepatitis E (HEV)	Yes for HAV No for HBV, HCV, HDV	Transmission of hepatitis viruses: - Person to person (HAV) - Fecal-oral (HAV & HEV - Perinatal (HBV) - Blood & blood products (HBV, HCV, HDV)
Orthomyxoviruses (Influenza virus) - Influenza A (Inlcuding H5N1 avian influenza) - Influenza B - Influenza C	Yes	- Transmission through respiratory droplets and contact with contaminated hands - Transmitted avian virus to humans through pigs or through physical contact with infected birds - Influenza A: Circulated in birds population, domestic poultry population - Onset of symptoms: Varies from 1 to 4 days
Paramyxoviruses - Measles (Rubeola) virus - Mumps virus - Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) - Parainfluenza virus - Newcastle disease virus (avian paramyxovirus) - Nipah virus - Hendra virus - Rubella (German Measles Virus)	Yes for Measles (Rubeola) virus, Mumps virus, RSV, Parainfluenza virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus, Rubella (German Measles Virus) No for Newcastle disease virus (avian paramyxovirus)	Measles (Rubeola) virus - Highly infectious disease - Incubation period/onset of symptoms: 8 to 12 days - Transmission via respiratory route - No animal reservoir Mumps virus - Contagious; Transmitted by direct contact, airborne droplets, or formites contaminated with saliva or urine. - Appear in hot climates and temperate climates Respiratory Syncytial virus - Spread by large droplets and direct contact - Survive on environmental surfaces for up to 6 hours Parainfluenza virus - Transmitted by direct person-to-person contact or by large-droplet aerosols - Onset of illness: About 1 week Newcastle disease virus (avian paramyxovirus) - Transmission through contact with infected birds - Eradication of Newcastle disease virus Nipah virus - Human-to-human transmission - Transmission from fruit bats/flying foxes to human through infected pigs Hendra virus - Transmission via exposure to bat urine or birthing fluids Rubella (German Measles Virus) - Affects children and young adults - Onset of symptoms: 7 to 9 days - Transmitted by respiratory route - Present in the urine, faeces and on the skin.
Picornaviruses - Enteroviruses 1. Polioviruses 2. Coxsackie viruses A & B 3. Echoviruses - Rhinoviruses - Aphthovirus	Yes for coxsackie-viruses, echoviruses, rhinoviruses & aphthovirus No for polioviruses	Coxsackieviruses - Transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route and respiratory aerosols Echoviruses - Transmitted through ingestion of fecally contaminated materials Rhinoviruses - Transmitted to susceptible individuals by direct contact or by aerosol particles Aphthovirus - Transmission via contact or ingestion Poliovirus - Humans are the only known reservoir of infection with poliovirus. - Nowadays, most people have become immune early in life.
Arboviruses	Yes	- Transmission vector via mosquito Aedes aegypti
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)	No	- Transmission of HIV: - Blood & blood products - Sexual contact Perinatal (mother to child)
Other Human Viruses - Adenovirus - Norwalk virus - Calicivirus - Filovirus	Yes	Adenovirus - Spread by direct contact, fecal-oral route, respiratory droplets or by contaminated fomites Norwalk virus and calivirus - Both spread by fecal-oral route, food-borne, or person-to-person transmission Filovirus - Transmission via human/physical contact with infected bodily fluids although droplet infection can occur

References

1. Levinson, W. (2006). Review Of Medical Microbiology and Immunology. (9th ed.). US: The McGraw-Hill Company

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page > "microorganism name"

By Doreen & Dorothy
Tg01

MMIC PBL2 (FUNGI)

List of Fungi	Possibility? (Y/N)	Reasons
Asomycetes	Yes	Decomposers which break down organic materials as dead leaves, twigs, fallen trees that are commonly present in jungle.
Basidomycetes(Cryptococcus spp.)	Yes	- Soil contaminated with pigeon droppings- Eucalyptus trees- Decaying wood forming hollows in living trees
Rhizoctomia	No	Infects and pathogenic against plants only
Phythium	Yes	- Occurrence in wet environments and summer months- Infection can also be acquired after contact with soil and grass containing Phythium insidiosum.
Fusarium	Yes	- Widely distributed in soil and in association with plants.- Some species produce mycotoxins in cereal crops that can affect human and animal health if they enter the food chain
Phytophtora	No	Infects and pathogenic against plants only

By Douglas
Tg01

MMIC PBL 2 (FUNGI)

Types of Fungal	Possibility (Y/N)	Reasons
Histoplasma capsulatum	Yes	-Soil-borne, dimorphic fungus; grows preferentially in soil enriched with bird droppings [1] -Found throughout the world but is most prevalent in countries favoring a warm, moist, and humid climate [2] -Transmitted by inhalation of airborne asexual spores [1]
Sporothrix schenckii	Yes	-Habitat is soil or vegetation -Transmission through small cuts and abrasions in the skin [1]
Trichophyton rubrum	Yes	-Habitat is human skin -Transmission of T. rubrum : - Skin-to-skin contact - Contact with contaminated items - Person to person [1]
Cryptococcus neoformans	Yes	-Habitat is soil, especially where enriched by pigeon droppings -Transmitted by inhalation of airborne yeasts cells [1]
Aspergillus fumigatus	Yes	-Habitat is soil -Transmitted by inhalation of airborne spores [1]
Coccidioides immitis	No	-Habitat is soil of arid regions like southwestern United states and Latin America [1]
Blastomyces dermatitidis	No	-Habitat is rich soil, especially in the upper midwestern region of United States [1]
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis	No	-Thermally-dimorphic fungus distributed in Brazil and South America [2]

References

1)Levinson, W. (2006). Review Of Medical Microbiology and Immunology. (9th ed.). US: The McGraw-Hill Company

2)http://en.wikipedia.org

Soong Ci Liang TG01

MMIC PBL2 (PROTOZOA)

Types of Protozoa	Possibility (Y/N)	Reasons
Malaria	Yes	-Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions -Possible transmission via female anopheles mosquitoes -Symptom of flu
Leishmania tropica	No	-Althought forest rodent are their main reservoirs through sandflys, it occurs mainly in Middle East, India and africa
Toxoplasma	Yes	-Possible transmission through ingesting oocytes by uncooked meat or unwashed vegetables -Symptom of flu
Pneumocystis	No	-Happens in immunocompromised individuals -Animals not a reservoirs for humans infection
Blastocystis hominis	Yes	-Possible transmission through drinking water or eating food contaminated with feces from an infected human or animal
Taenia solium (worms)	Yes	-Possible transmission through by eating raw or undercooked pork containing the larvae

Published by boonching.

Reference:

Levinson, W. (2006). Review Of Medical Microbiology and Immunology. (9th ed.). US: The McGraw-Hill Company

MMIC PBL2 (PROTOZOA)

Types of Protozoa	Possibility (Y/N)	Reasons
Naegleria fowleri	No	-Transmitted via inhalation -Able to enter the body of an individual from the mucous membranes while he/she is swimming -The organism can be found in fresh water lakes and soil -But infection to humans are rare
Acanthamoeba spp.	Yes	-Transmitted via inhalation into the respiratory track -Can also be transmitted via open wound -Found in soil or warm water lake -Capable of causing keratitis in individual who are using contact lens
Balamuthia mandrillaris	No	-Human infections are rare
Entamoeba histolytica	Yes	-Transmitted by ingestion of cysts by the fecal-oral route in contaminated food and water
Giardia lamblia	Yes	-Transmission occurs by ingestion of the cyst in fecally contaminated food and water
Trypanosoma such as: T. cruzi T. gambiense	No	-T. cruzi transmitted by Reduviid bug -T.gambiense transmitted by tsetse fly -Reduviid bug and tsetse fly can only be found in africa

Reference:
-Levinson, W. (2006). Review Of Medical Microbiology and Immunology. (9th ed.). US: The McGraw-Hill Company

Wing Fat

TG01

MMIC PBL2

Possible Pathogens

Possible Viral Diseases Found in Jungle Training