| List of possible organism | Test required | Expected results | treatment |
Bacteria
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
1) Gram Stain
2) Biochmical Tests:
- Catalase test
- Oxidase test
- TSI agar test
3) Aerobic culture on plates like MacConkey agar plate, blood agar plate or differential media
4) Antibiotic Susceptibility (aminoglycoside + penicillin) |
1) Shows gram negative rod
2) Catalase and oxidase positive
TSI medium no colour change (K/K/g-/H2S-)
3) Colourless colonies on MacConkey plateColonies grown on blood agar.
|
Antibiotics that have activity against P. aeruginosa include:
- aminoglycosides
- quinolones (ciprofloxacin)
- cephalosporins (ceftazidime and cefoperazone) |
| Escherichia coli |
1) Gram Stain
2) Biochemical Tests:
- TSI agar test
- Methyl red test
- VP reaction test
- Citrate test
3) Aerobic culture on MacConkey agar or EMB agar (or both), blood agar
4) Serology is done using the SSS-Coagglutination test
5) Antibiotic Susceptibility (fluoroquinolone) |
1) Gram negative rods
2) • Grows on TSI slant with a (A/A/g+/H2S-) profile
• Indole (+)
• Methyl red (+)
• VP (-)
• Citrate (-)
3) On MacConkey agar, deep red colonies are produced.
Growth on EMB agar would show black colonies with greenish-black metallic sheen.
Hemolysis on blood agar
4) Serology detects O55:K5:H21 |
Antibiotics which may be used to treat E. coli infection:
- nitrofurantoin
- fluoroquinolones
- meropenem
- aminoglycosides
- ciprofloxacin |
| Enterococcus spp. |
1) Gram Stain
2) Biochemical tests:
- Catalase test
3) Antibiotic Susceptibility (gentamicin + vancomycin) |
1) Cocci in tetrad and clusters
2) (-) to weakly (+) catalase |
Can treat with vancomycin and gentamicin
|
|
| Proteus mirabilis |
1) Gram stain
2) Biochemical tests:
- Indole test
- Methyl red test - VP test
- Catalase test
- Oxidase test
- Urease test
3) Aerobic culture on XLD plate, blood agar or differential media
4) Antibiotic Susceptibility (ampicillin)
|
1) Gram negative rod
2) Indole test (-)
Methyl red (+)
VP (-)
Catalase (+)
Oxidase (-)
Urease (+)
3) Colonies growns on the agar plates |
Antibiotics which may be used to treat:
- ampicillin
- aminoglycoside
- TMP-SMZ
- fluoroquinolone
- cephalosporin
|
Chlamydia Trachomatis
|
1) McCoy cell culture
2) Fluorescent Antibody test/Enzyme-linked Immunoassay
3) DNA probe test
4)Antibiotic Susceptibility (Doxycycline or azithromycin) |
1) Cytoplasmic inclusions observed by immunofluore-scence after few days of incubation in cell culture
2) Detect the presence of genus-specific lipopolysaccharide antigen |
Can be cured with antibiotics like:
- Azithromycin
- Doxycycline
- Tetracycline |
| Neisseria Gonorrhoeae |
1) Gram stain
2) Biochemical Test
- Oxidase test
3) Serology Antibiotic Susceptibility (Penicillin) |
1) Gram negative, diplococcus
2) Oxidase (+) IgG and IgA antibodies against gonococcal pili, outer membrane proteins and LPS detected
|
Recommended treatment:
- cephalosporin
- Fluoroquinolone plus an antibiotic e.g. ceftriaxone, cefixime, ciprofloxacin |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae |
1) Gram stain
2) Biochemical test:
- Citrate test
- VP test
3) Aerobic culture on blood agar, MacConkey agar and differential media
4) Antibiotic susceptilibilty (cephalosporin) |
1) Gram negative, large and regular capsules
2) Citrate (+)
VP (+)
3) Large colonies and very mucoid
|
Can be cured with antibiotics like:
- cephalosporine
- aminoglycoside
- imipenem |
| Providencia species |
1) Gram stain
2) Biochemical test:
- Urease test
3) Aerobic culture on blood agar and differential media
4) Antibiotic susceptilibilty (ceftazidime and cefepime) |
1) Gram negative
2) Urease (-)
3) Circular, convex, smooth colonies
|
Recommended treatment with:
- ceftazidime
- cefepime
- aztreonam
- imipenem |
| Citrobacter |
1) Gram stain
2) Aerobic culture on blood agar and differential media
3) Biochemical test:Citrate test |
1) Gram negative
2)Circular, convex, smooth colonies
3) Citrate (+)
|
Antibiotics which may be used to treat:
- ampicillin
- cephalosporins
- fluoroquinolones |
Viruses
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) |
1) Virus isolation using inoculation of tissue culture
2) Serology |
1) Viral DNA identified
2) Antibodies of HSV-2 detected
|
Several antiviral drugs are effective against such infection:
- Acyvlovir
- Valacyclovir
- Vidarabine |
Parasites
Trichomonas vaginalis |
1) Microscopic examination – vaginal discharge examined microscopically in a drop of saline
2) Anaerobic culture |
1) Characteristic motile trichomonads observed in wet mount
2) Colonies growth on agar plates
|
Successful treatment requires destruction of trichomonads by medicine like:
- metronidazole (e.g. Flagy)
- tinidazole and ornidazole |
Fungi
Candida albicans |
1) Potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation of the vaginal discharge
2) Culture on fungal or bacteriologic media at room temperature or 37oC |
1) Hyphae and pseudo spores of Candida are visible under microscopic examination
2) Culture medium is incubated for several days, during which time colonies of yeast and/or bacteria develop
|
Usually treated with antimycotics—antifungal drugs e.g. topical clotrimazole, topical nystatin, fluconazole, and topical ketoconazole |
Hepatitis Virus
Adenovirus
Enterovirus
Dengue virus
Influenza Virus
Measles Virus
Mumps Virus
RSV
Nipah Virus
Hendra Virus
