MMIC PBL
Particulars of Patient
Name: Ong Fei Fei
Sex: Female
Age: 37
Clinical Diagnosis
Complaints: Fever, pain during urination, virginal discharge
Diagnosis: UTI
Antibiotic Treatment: Nil
Particulars of Specimens
Specimen: Vaginal Discharge
Description of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
In healthy people, urine in the bladder is sterile—no bacteria or other infectious organisms are present. The channel that carries urine from the bladder out of the body (urethra) contains no bacteria or too few to cause an infection. However, any part of the urinary tract can become infected; an infection anywhere along the urinary tract is called a urinary tract infection.
UTIs are usually classified as upper or lower according to where they occur along the urinary tract. Lower UTIs are infections of the urethra (urethritis) or bladder (cystitis); upper UTIs are infections of the kidneys (pyelonephritis) or ureters (ureteritis).
Causes
UTIs are almost always caused by bacteria, although some viruses, fungi, and parasites can infect the urinary tract as well. Common organisms that cause UTIs include: Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Less common organisms include Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp, Pseudomonas and Enterococcus spp.
Bacteria: Bacterial infections of the lower urinary tract—the bladder and urethra—are very common. Escherichia coli is the most common bacteria. When the person has a kidney stone, Proteus bacteria may be able to grow. These conditions can lead to abnormal vaginal discharge which can be caused by Chlamydia and Gonorrhea.
Viruses: The herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) may infect the urethra to cause a UTI, making urination painful and emptying of the bladder difficult.
Fungi: Certain fungi or yeasts can infect the urinary tract to cause a UTI. The most common type is Candida, which causes candidiasis.
Parasites: A number of parasites, including certain types of worms, can infect the urinary tract.
Trichomoniasis, caused by a type of microscopic parasite, is a sexually transmitted disease that can produce a copious greenish yellow, frothy discharge from the vagina in women.
Investigation required
Microscopy, culture of specimen and antibiotic susceptibility should be requested.
Doreen Ng (tg 01)
Name: Ong Fei Fei
Sex: Female
Age: 37
Clinical Diagnosis
Complaints: Fever, pain during urination, virginal discharge
Diagnosis: UTI
Antibiotic Treatment: Nil
Particulars of Specimens
Specimen: Vaginal Discharge
Description of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
In healthy people, urine in the bladder is sterile—no bacteria or other infectious organisms are present. The channel that carries urine from the bladder out of the body (urethra) contains no bacteria or too few to cause an infection. However, any part of the urinary tract can become infected; an infection anywhere along the urinary tract is called a urinary tract infection.
UTIs are usually classified as upper or lower according to where they occur along the urinary tract. Lower UTIs are infections of the urethra (urethritis) or bladder (cystitis); upper UTIs are infections of the kidneys (pyelonephritis) or ureters (ureteritis).
Causes
UTIs are almost always caused by bacteria, although some viruses, fungi, and parasites can infect the urinary tract as well. Common organisms that cause UTIs include: Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Less common organisms include Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp, Pseudomonas and Enterococcus spp.
Bacteria: Bacterial infections of the lower urinary tract—the bladder and urethra—are very common. Escherichia coli is the most common bacteria. When the person has a kidney stone, Proteus bacteria may be able to grow. These conditions can lead to abnormal vaginal discharge which can be caused by Chlamydia and Gonorrhea.
Viruses: The herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) may infect the urethra to cause a UTI, making urination painful and emptying of the bladder difficult.
Fungi: Certain fungi or yeasts can infect the urinary tract to cause a UTI. The most common type is Candida, which causes candidiasis.
Parasites: A number of parasites, including certain types of worms, can infect the urinary tract.
Trichomoniasis, caused by a type of microscopic parasite, is a sexually transmitted disease that can produce a copious greenish yellow, frothy discharge from the vagina in women.
Investigation required
Microscopy, culture of specimen and antibiotic susceptibility should be requested.
Doreen Ng (tg 01)
posted by BloodBank.MedMic.Haematology @ 9:15 PM
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